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曼哈顿计划中贡献最大的三所大学

(2017-10-15 05:53:14) 下一个

曼哈顿计划即二战中美国制造原子弹的计划,有许多大学参与了这一计划,但三所大学对这个计划做出了巨大贡献,即:哥伦比亚大学,伯克莱加大以及芝加哥大学,其中伯克莱的物理学教授奥本海默甚至被称为原子弹之父。以下引文来自网络。

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BOMB

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan the next day and officially entered WWII.

With the country at war and the realization that the United States was now three years behind Nazi Germany, President Roosevelt was ready to seriously support U.S. efforts to create an atomic bomb.

Costly experiments began at the University of Chicago, U.C. Berkeley, and Columbia University in New York. Reactors were built in Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Oak Ridge, known as "The Secret City," was also the site of a massive uranium enrichment laboratory and plant.

Researchers worked simultaneously at all of the sites. Harold Urey and his Columbia University colleagues built an extraction system based on gaseous diffusion.

At the University of California in Berkley, the inventor of the Cyclotron, Ernest Lawrence, took his knowledge and skills to devise a process of magnetically separating the uranium-235 (U-235) and plutonium-239 (Pu-239) isotopes.

The research was kicked into high gear throughout 1942. On December 2, 1942, at the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi created the very first successful chain reaction, in which atoms were split in a controlled environment. This accomplishment gave renewed vigor to the hopes that an atomic bomb was possible.

 

 

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