谷歌翻译联合国新疆人权评估8

谷歌翻译联合国新疆人权评估

 

VIII、Overall assessment and recommendations

总体评估和建议

 

143、Serious human rights violations have been committed in XUAR in the context of the Government’s application of counter-terrorism and counter-“extremism” strategies. The implementation of these strategies, and associated policies in XUAR has led to interlocking patterns of severe and undue restrictions on a wide range of human rights. These patterns of restrictions are characterized by a discriminatory component, as the underlying acts often directly or indirectly affect Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim communities.

在政府实施反恐和打击“极端主义”战略的背景下，新疆发生了严重侵犯人权行为。 新疆维吾尔自治区实施这些战略和相关政策导致了对广泛人权的严重和不当限制的连锁模式。 这些限制模式的特点是歧视性成分，因为潜在的行为通常直接或间接影响维吾尔人和其他主要穆斯林社区。

144、These human rights violations, as documented in this assessment, flow from a domestic “anti-terrorism law system” that is deeply problematic from the perspective of international human rights norms and standards. It contains vague, broad and open-ended concepts that leave wide discretion to officials to interpret and apply broad investigative, preventive and coercive powers, in a context of limited safeguards and scant independent oversight. This framework, which is vulnerable to discriminatory application, has in practice led to the large-scale arbitrary deprivation of liberty of members of Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim communities in XUAR in so-called VETC and other facilities, at least between 2017 and 2019. Even if the VETC system has since been reduced in scope or wound up, as the Government has claimed, the laws and policies that underpin it remain in place. There appears to be a parallel trend of an increased number and length of imprisonments occurring through criminal justice processes, suggesting that the focus of deprivation of liberty has shifted towards imprisonment, on purported grounds of counter-terrorism and counter-“extremism”.

本评估记录的这些侵犯人权行为源于国内“反恐法律体系”，从国际人权规范和标准的角度来看，该体系存在严重问题。它包含模糊、广泛和开放式的概念，在有限的保障措施和缺乏独立监督的情况下，让官员有很大的自由裁量权来解释和应用广泛的调查、预防和强制权力。该框架容易受到歧视性应用，实际上至少在 2017 年至 2019 年期间，在所谓的 VETC 和其他设施中，维吾尔族和新疆其他主要穆斯林社区成员的自由被大规模任意剥夺。即使 VETC 系统的范围自此缩减或结束，正如政府所声称的那样，支撑它的法律和政策仍然有效。似乎有一个平行的趋势，即通过刑事司法程序发生的监禁数量和时间增加，这表明剥夺自由的重点已转向监禁，据称是反恐和打击“极端主义”。

145、The treatment of persons held in the system of so-called VETC facilities is of equal concern. Allegations of patterns of torture or ill-treatment, including forced medical treatment and adverse conditions of detention, are credible, as are allegations of individual incidents of sexual and gender-based violence. While the available information at this stage does not allow OHCHR to draw firm conclusions regarding the exact extent of such abuses, it is clear that the highly securitised and discriminatory nature of the VETC facilities, coupled with limited access to effective remedies or oversight by the authorities, provide fertile ground for such violations to take place on a broad scale.

被关押在所谓的 VETC 设施系统中的人的待遇同样值得关注。 关于酷刑或虐待模式的指控，包括强迫医疗和不利的拘留条件，是可信的，关于个别性暴力和基于性别的暴力事件的指控也是可信的。 虽然现阶段的可用信息无法使人权高专办就此类滥用行为的确切程度得出确切结论，但很明显，VETC 设施的高度安全化和歧视性，加上获得有效补救或当局监督的机会有限 ，为此类违法行为大范围发生提供沃土。

146、The systems of arbitrary detention and related patterns of abuse in VETC and other detention facilities come against the backdrop of broader discrimination against members of Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minorities based on perceived security threats emanating from individual members of these groups. This has included far-reaching, arbitrary and discriminatory restrictions on human rights and fundamental freedoms, in violation of international norms and standards. These have included undue restrictions on religious identity and expression, as well as the rights to privacy and movement. There are serious indications of violations of reproductive rights through the coercive and discriminatory enforcement of family planning and birth control policies. Similarly, there are indications that labour and employment schemes for purported purposes of poverty alleviation and prevention of “extremism”, including those linked to the VETC system, may involve elements of coercion and discrimination on religious and ethnic grounds.

VETC 和其他拘留设施中的任意拘留制度和相关的虐待模式是在维吾尔族和其他以穆斯林为主的少数群体成员受到更广泛歧视的背景下出现的，基于这些群体的个别成员的安全威胁。这包括对人权和基本自由的广泛、任意和歧视性限制，违反了国际规范和标准。其中包括对宗教身份和表达以及隐私权和行动权的不当限制。通过强制和歧视性地执行计划生育和节育政策，有严重侵犯生殖权利的迹象。同样，有迹象表明，旨在减轻贫困和预防“极端主义”的劳工和就业计划，包括与 VETC 系统相关的计划，可能包含基于宗教和种族原因的胁迫和歧视因素。

147、The described policies and practices in XUAR have transcended borders, separating families and severing human contacts, while causing particular suffering to affected Uyghur, Kazakh and other predominantly Muslim minority families, exacerbated by patterns of intimidations and threats against members of the diaspora community speaking publicly about experiences in XUAR.

新疆维吾尔自治区所描述的政策和做法超越了国界，使家庭分离并切断了人与人之间的联系，同时给受影响的维吾尔族、哈萨克族和其他以穆斯林为主的少数民族家庭造成了特别的痛苦，而对散居社区成员的恐吓和威胁模式加剧了这种痛苦。

148、The information currently available to OHCHR on implementation of the Government’s stated drive against terrorism and “extremism” in XUAR in the period 2017- 2019 and potentially thereafter, also raises concerns from the perspective of international criminal law. The extent of arbitrary and discriminatory detention of members of Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim groups, pursuant to law and policy, in context of restrictions and deprivation more generally of fundamental rights enjoyed individually and collectively, may constitute international crimes, in particular crimes against humanity.

人权高专办目前掌握的关于政府在 2017 年至 2019 年期间及之后可能在新疆实施打击恐怖主义和“极端主义”的声明的信息，也从国际刑法的角度提出了关切。 根据法律和政策，在限制和剥夺更普遍的个人和集体享有的基本权利的情况下，对维吾尔人和其他主要穆斯林群体成员的任意和歧视性拘留的程度可能构成国际罪行，特别是危害人类罪。

149、The Government holds the primary duty to ensure that all laws and policies are brought into compliance with international human rights law and to promptly investigate any allegations of human rights violations, to ensure accountability for perpetrators and to provide redress to victims. Individuals who are arbitrarily deprived of their liberty should be immediately released. As the conditions remain in place for serious violations to continue and recur, these must also be addressed promptly and effectively. The human rights situation in XUAR also requires urgent attention by the Government, the United Nations intergovernmental bodies and human rights system, as well as the international community more broadly.

政府的首要责任是确保所有法律和政策都符合国际人权法，并迅速调查任何侵犯人权的指控，确保追究肇事者的责任并为受害者提供补救。 应立即释放被任意剥夺自由的个人。 由于严重违规行为继续和再次发生的条件仍然存在，因此也必须迅速有效地解决这些问题。 新疆维吾尔自治区的人权状况也需要政府、联合国政府间机构和人权系统以及更广泛的国际社会紧急关注。

150、OHCHR is grateful to the Government and other institutions for sharing with it information about aspects of the situation in XUAR. This assessment was also facilitated by the vast amount of research that has been completed by non-governmental organizations, researchers, journalists and academics over the last years (and independently assessed by OHCHR). OHCHR is deeply grateful to the victims and witnesses who were willing to share their experiences with OHCHR, despite the potential risks to themselves and their loved ones.

人权高专办感谢政府和其他机构与其分享新疆局势方面的信息。 过去几年非政府组织、研究人员、记者和学者完成的大量研究（并由人权高专办独立评估）也促进了这一评估。 人权高专办对愿意与人权高专办分享经验的受害者和证人深表感谢，尽管他们自己和亲人可能面临风险。

 

Recommendations

建议

 

151、OHCHR recommends to the Government of China that it:

Takes prompt steps to release all individuals arbitrarily deprived of their liberty in XUAR, whether in VETCs, prisons or other detention facilities;

Urgently clarifies the whereabouts of individuals whose families have been seeking information about their loved ones in XUAR, including by providing details of their exact locations and establishing safe channels of communication and travel enabling families to reunite;

Undertakes a full review of the legal framework governing national security, counter-terrorism and minority rights in XUAR to ensure their compliance with binding international human rights law, and urgently repeal all discriminatory laws, policies and practices against Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minorities in XUAR, in particular those that have led to the serious human rights violations as detailed in this assessment;

Promptly investigates allegations of human rights violations in VETCs and other detention facilities, including allegations of torture, sexual violence, ill-treatment, forced medical treatment, as well as forced labour and reports of deaths in custody;Implements, as a matter of priority, the Concluding Observations from the UN Committee against Torture and the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, including establishment of an independent oversight mechanism to ensure prompt, impartial and effective investigation into all allegations of torture and ill-treatment;

Ensures that surveillance both on and offline comply with strict tests of legality, necessity and proportionality, including for matters of national security, and does not infringe on fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals;Cooperates with the ILO and social partners in the implementation of the recommendations made by the ILO Committee of Experts on Conventions No. 111 and 122, including by allowing a technical advisory mission, and in the implementation of Conventions No. 29 and 105 on forced labour, and the 2014 Protocol;                 

 人权高专办建议中国政府：

(i) 迅速采取措施，释放所有在新疆维吾尔自治区被任意剥夺自由的人，无论是在职业培训 中心、监狱还是其他拘留设施；

(ii) 紧急澄清其家人一直在新疆寻找亲人信息的个人的下落，包括提供其确切位置的详细信息，并建立安全的沟通和旅行渠道，使家人能够团聚；

(iii) 对新疆维吾尔自治区国家安全、反恐和少数民族权利的法律框架进行全面审查，以确保其符合具有约束力的国际人权法，并紧急废除所有针对维吾尔人和其他以穆斯林为主的歧视性法律、政策和做法新疆维吾尔自治区的少数民族，特别是那些导致本评估详述的严重侵犯人权行为的少数民族；

(iv) 迅速调查关于在 VETC 和其他拘留设施中侵犯人权的指控，包括关于酷刑、性暴力、虐待、强迫医疗以及强迫劳动和拘留期间死亡报告的指控；

(v) 作为优先事项，执行联合国禁止酷刑委员会和联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性意见，包括建立一个独立的监督机制，以确保对所有关于酷刑和虐待；

(vi) 确保在线和离线监控符合合法性、必要性和相称性的严格测试，包括国家安全问题，并且不侵犯个人的基本权利和自由；与国际劳工组织和社会伙伴合作，实施国际劳工组织专家委员会就第 111 号和第 122 号公约提出的建议，包括允许派出技术咨询团，以及在实施关于强迫劳动的第 29 号和第 105 号公约方面，以及 2014 年协议。

Provides adequate remedy and reparation to victims of human rights violations;

 

Clarifies the reports of destruction of mosques, shrines and cemeteries by providing data and information and suspend all such activities in the meantime;

Ceases immediately all intimidation and reprisals against Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minorities abroad in connection with their advocacy, and their family members in XUAR; and ensure that all citizens including of Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minorities can hold a valid passport and travel to and from China without fear of reprisals;

Ratifies the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Optional Protocols to the Convention against Torture, to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women;

Invites as a matter of priority the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the Special Rapporteur on Torture, the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Minorities, the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief, the Special Rapporteur on Cultural Rights and the Working Group on Business and Human Rights to conduct unrestricted country visits to China, including to XUAR; and

Continues engagement with OHCHR to enable further assessment of the situation; and facilitates further visits by OHCHR and technical exchanges on human rights issues in XUAR, in follow up to the High Commissioner’s visit.

㈧ 向侵犯人权行为的受害者提供充分的补救和赔偿；

(ix) 通过提供数据和信息，澄清关于清真寺、圣地和墓地被毁的报告，同时暂停所有此类活动；

(x) 立即停止针对维吾尔族和国外其他以穆斯林为主的少数民族及其在新疆维吾尔自治区的家庭成员进行的所有恐吓和报复；确保所有公民，包括维吾尔族和其他以穆斯林为主的少数民族，都可以持有有效护照往返中国，而不必担心遭到报复；

(xi) 批准《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》； 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》；以及《禁止酷刑公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的任择议定书；

(xii) 作为优先事项，请强迫和非自愿失踪问题工作组、任意拘留问题工作组、酷刑问题特别报告员、少数群体权利问题特别报告员、宗教和信仰自由问题特别报告员，文化权利特别报告员和工商业与人权工作组对包括新疆在内的中国进行不受限制的国别访问；和

(xiii) 继续与人权高专办接触，以便进一步评估情况；并为人权高专办的进一步访问和新疆人权问题的技术交流提供便利，以跟进高级专员的访问。

OHCHR remains available to support and advise in the implementation of these recommendations.

人权高专办仍可在执行这些建议方面提供支持和建议。

 

152、OHCHR recommends to the business community that it:

Takes all possible measures to meet the responsibility to respect human rights across activities and business relationships as set out the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, including through enhanced human rights due diligence, and report on this transparently; and

Strengthens human rights risk assessment by companies involved in the surveillance and security sector, including whether products and services could lead to or contribute to adverse human rights impacts, including on the rights to privacy, freedom of movement, and the respect of non-discrimination.

人权高专办建议工商界：

(i) 采取一切可能的措施，履行《联合国工商业与人权指导原则》规定的在所有活动和商业关系中尊重人权的责任，包括加强人权尽职调查，并对此进行透明报告；和

(ii)  加强参与监视和安全部门的公司的人权风险评估，包括产品和服务是否可能导致或促成不利的人权影响，包括对隐私权、行动自由和尊重非-歧视。

153、OHCHR recommends to the international community that it supports efforts to strengthen the protection and promotion of human rights in the XUAR region in follow-up to these recommendations. States should further refrain from returning members of Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minorities to China who are at risk of refoulement and provide humanitarian assistance, including medical and psycho-social support, to victims in the States in which they are located.

人权高专办建议国际社会支持为落实这些建议而在新疆地区加强保护和促进人权的努力。各国应进一步避免将有被驱回风险的维吾尔族和其他以穆斯林为主的少数民族遣返中国，并向其所在国的受害者提供人道主义援助，包括医疗和心理社会支持。