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![“金丝铁线”的图片搜索结果](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![“金丝铁线”的图片搜索结果](https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTKgkLTONxygp8PFs4xpNC0BoH_STM17pBaCvtBI8icx_BGra4svw) ![“金丝铁线”的图片搜索结果](https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSenE5CkzmTSqpf-lgKwMFAvOMDuqZh-nAooA_KrZXE-Q-nmRKXGQ)
“冰裂纹”,也就是开片,原是古代龙泉青瓷中的一个品种,因其纹片如冰破裂,裂片层叠,有立体感而称之。在哥窑的各种釉裂纹片中,“冰裂纹”排名首 位,素有“哥窑品格,纹取冰裂为上”的美誉。因其在烧制过程中的独特开裂,展示出无限的自然美。可惜的是,烧制“冰裂纹”的工艺在宋代后失传了。
冰 裂纹瓷器是汉族传统名瓷。冰裂纹也称璺,它是瓷器本身内部应力的一个表现,只有当内部应力在正常状态下不平衡、无法维持现有状态,釉的伸缩程度超出其弹性 区间极限时才产生釉层断裂、位移,直至内部应力平衡,因而形成宏观的冰裂纹效应。产生这种现象没有固定的时刻,由于与二者膨胀系数有直接关系,所以在瓷器 出窑时温差变化最大,效应最明显,另外在日常的因为其他外因导致温差变化大,以及玻璃釉老化、内部应力无法维持平衡状态时也会发生类似现象,所以没有一定 时间局限。
带开片的宋代瓷器,最典型的要属官窑和哥窑的青瓷。官窑器莹润如脂的粉青、月白色釉面上,大片的裂纹扶疏伸展,如同雪地上的柳枝 梅影般婆娑潇洒。哥窑瓷的开片则细碎得多,被称作"百圾碎",更小的叫"鱼子纹"。片纹有粗有细,粗的色深如铁,细的似金黄色或叫鳝血色,大小片纹交织在 一起,被古董行家美称为"金丝铁线"。官哥真品历代都是收藏家珍爱的宝物,也是后代仿效的目标。
“金丝”是指细碎的开片,呈黄色;“铁线”是指大块的开片,呈黑色。金丝铁线在古代还叫“文武片”,指的是开片的大小。
金丝铁线实际上是陶瓷烧造中的一种缺陷美。在烧造中,由于胎和釉的膨胀系数不同,所以瓷器出窑以后,釉就会开裂。如果你们看过出 窑,就会觉得非常神奇。哥窑刚一出窑,釉面炸裂的声音都听得清清楚楚。一个瓷器能炸多长时间呢?能炸两年。马未都买过一个新的哥窑瓶子搁在家里,夜深人静时, 就能听见“嘣”一声,“嘣”一声,一直要持续一两年的时间,这是很多人不能想象的。
哥窑能够呈现金丝铁线,原因就是它要炸两年。当它出窑冷却以后,过去直接搁入炭黑水,现在直接搁进墨汁里,拿出来以后,瓷器就形成 大块的黑开片,非常清晰。很细小的开片,由于间隙过小,颜色进不去。所以就搁在那儿,时间长了,气体进去以后,会氧化成黄色。金丝铁线因此而形成,它是时 间造成的。我们从这点可以判断,如果没有黄线,它的烧造时间就很近。那么,有黄线是不是就很古老?不一定。现在有人能加速金线的氧化过程。有人用几个月的 时间,用烟熏制,强化它的氧化过程。所以你看到金丝铁线全部完美的东西,也不一定是真的。
金丝铁线的说法,并不是很久远的事,到了清代才有这样一说。《处州府志》中载:“其兄名章生一,所主之窑,皆浇白断纹,号百圾碎, 亦冠绝当世。”当时对哥窑的记载说它这种细小的开片冠绝当世。哥窑的工艺,已经由原来的无法控制,到能够主动控制,这个过程已经变成了一个主观的追求。
关于哥窑的开片,还有很多传说。有一说是章生一、章生二兄弟俩造青瓷,各有成就。哥哥忠厚,瓷器卖得好,弟弟顿生妒意,就抓了一把 黏土搁在釉缸里,这样开窑后就会使釉面开裂。本来开裂了是个缺陷,没想到被推到极高的地位,反而卖得更好了。还有一种说法,就是弟弟在开窑前往里泼水,使 釉面炸裂。这些实际都是一些外行的说法。外行不知道烧造的工艺,这个工艺并没有他们想象的那么简单。
哥窑的这种缺陷,被文人赋予一种美的追求,叫缺陷美。审美的最高层次,就是我们所说的这种非常态的、病态的美。缺陷美被推到至高无上的地位,哥窑就在这样一个地位中诞生了。
哥窑的第二个特征是紫口铁足,官窑也有这个特征。明代曹昭在《格古要论》中说:“旧哥窑色青,浓淡不一,亦有紫口铁足。”曹昭是松江人,就是今天的上海市郊区。《格古要论》是一部非常重要的关于古董的文献,在明初成书。 参考马未都说收藏陶瓷篇
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