American Accent - Articulation Exercises – YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Vlk1CZBbQ
这个视频的练习作为朗读英语前松嘴巴嘴唇及下巴肌肉的练习。 Learn exercises to increase the movement of your mouth, lips, and jaw and improve your ability to control your speech. This will help you to speak American English with clarity & confidence.
2。Jump-up and Step-down intonation (必要的),尤其是他的打开口腔的练习;
The SOUND and STYLE of AMERICAN ENGLISH By Dr. David Alan Stern
这个教材有兴趣的同学可以买来自己进一步系统学习,也是呼吁一下表示对Dr. Stern的支持,因为他的教材对我们所说的所谓舌后部发音很有指导意义,还有他的Jump-up and Step-down intonation。如果没有时间或不太感兴趣,我把其主要的东西摘录下来放在这儿了。
他的Jump-up and Step-down intonation,尽管说是语调练习,我觉得主要是节奏的成分多,语调只是限于降调的练习,升调以及其他形式的语调没有涉及到。
[quote] When it is spoken well, American speech has what I (Dr. David Alan Stern) call a JUMP UP and STEP DOWN pattern of pitch change, that means that, inside each phrase or unit of thought, the pitch jumps up to a higher note on an early, important word. Then, it steps down a little bit on each syllable that follows within that unit.
[quote] This part begins one of the most important parts of your accent reduction process. To get the American speech style, you have to create most of the speech movement using the muscles in the back of your tongue. That process begins with a very simple step. You must be able to relax your tongue and put it into the specific shape which I call THE STARTING POSITION.
[quote] Tongue is lying in a concave position (the middle is lower than the sides). Tip of the tongue is lying just against bottom-front teeth. Rear tongue is low, not arching up in back. You can easily see the back of the throat between the tongue and palate.
Once you can move your tongue into the STARTING POSITION at will, you must learn to produce a downward movement in the rear tongue as you begin making sounds. Follow the instructions on the tape extremely closely. You begin with your tongue in the STARTING POSITION and create an "AH" sound using only those muscles in the back of your tongue.
quote]Follow the instructions on the tape very closely. You'll begin by learning to glide your tongue from the AH-position (that you created in the last lesson) into a sharp EE-sound. Most importantly, you will learn how to control this movement with the muscles in the back of the tongue. You will then learn to modify this "AH-EE" combination by using what I call the QUICK AMERICAN GLIDE. In this special form, the first stage (AH) takes more time than the last stage (EE). In addition, the pitch of your voice glides down noticeably as you begin the second stage of the sound. Make sure you learn to dothis QUICK AMERICAN GLIDE extremely well.
3。Rhythm 的练习(主要是大家练习);
重读和次重读的节奏 - duhduh Da(uh)
重读和次重读的节奏 - “Daduh duh” vs. 'D’(a)duhduh'
重读和次重读的节奏 - APPetite
重读和次重读的节奏 - d’(uh)duh Da(uh) – 31
重读和次重读的节奏 - duh DAduh duh duh - 32
重读和次重读的节奏 - duh Daduh DA duh - 33
重读和次重读的节奏 - DAduhduh Daduh - 34
English rhythm - da duh duh da
English Rhythm - duh Da duh Da duh Da duh Da
English Rhythm - duh duh Da duh Da uh
English Rhythm - English stress pattern - duh Da duh duh
English Rhythm - Adding an additional beat to some syllables– D
Plosives and Rhythms - (1-3)
Plosives and Rhythms - (2-3)
Plosives and Rhythms - (3-3)
Pitch and Volume(1) - Three ways of emphasizing
Pitch and Volume(2) - High-pitched for emphasis of wordswithin
Pitch and Volume(3) - Volume raising to conclude a sentence
Broadly speaking we can classify all the English intonation patterns under two types – rising and falling. Both types normally begin with the first stressed syllable fairly high, and fall step-wise from stress to stress until the most significant (meaningful stress is reached. Type I then falls, remaining low for any further unstressed syllables; type II rises from a low tone, continuing the rise for any further unstressed syllables.
学习语调至少要从三个方面认识它: 从三个方面看语调(intonation):一个是停顿(pause)或者叫断句(segmentation, 把句子分成不同的语调单位intonation segments);一个是强调音节(emphasis, 既是placement of significant stress);最后是语调(tone/intonation: 升,降,升降,降升,平调,等等)。同样单词组成的一个句子,读的时候如果停顿点不同,停顿长短不同,其意思,或者其传达的信息,就可能不同。
Group One Sentence 1: She didn’t come because of the↗money . (意思是:她来了,但她不是为钱而来。)
Sentence 2: She didn’t come || because of the ↘money (意思是:因为她没有钱,所以她没有来。)(||表示句子中的停顿。)
The mind is like a computer, it has its own software that helps you to organize your thinking and behavior. The conscious mind is the mind that you actively and deliberately think with all day long, but it is extremely limited in what it can accomplish on its own. Studies have shown that it can only hold a handful of ideas at any one time. That’s why the majority of your life is run automatically by your other mind. The unconscious mind can process millions of messages of sensory information every single second, and contains all of your wisdom, memories, and intelligence. It is the source of your creativity. The unconscious mind is like having an “autopilot” function in the brain that allows us to do multiple tings simultaneously without having to concentrate on all of them at once.
The Awesome Force of Habit
We do a thousand and one daily tasks without having to think about them, simply by using the “habit force” of our unconscious mind. The basic mechanism of these habits is association. Our unconscious mind remembers every time two things happen simultaneously or in close proximity to one another. After this pattern repeats itself a few times or in an emotionally significant way, the one thing gets associated to the other. The brain is a mass of neural pathways and every action we take creates new connections. Each time we repeat an action, that specific neural pathway is strengthened, just like a muscle that becomes bigger the more it is used. This is how a habit is formed.
From “I can make you confident” by PAUL McKENNA
上面的引语来自于Paul McKenn的“I can make you confident”。这对于学英语有什么启示吗,有。这就是要建立(培养)语感 (sprachgefühl)。
我们在这儿扔掉了语法了吗,没有。有人说语法不重要,实际上我们时时刻刻都没有离开语法词法;如果就语法来学语法,肯定是弯路,行不通;问题是如何利用语法这个学习工具。掌握了语法,就事半功倍。象是“He was here yesterday.” 这个句子,学生就该把“一般过去时”的概念背熟,“一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”,然后通过背诵的句型来感知它的存在,be=>was/were,这样的句型背多了,你的潜意识就认为它是对的,你就能需要表达这种意思的时候张口就来,而不是“He is here yesterday.”了,重要的是你知道这是表示过去的事情或存在的状态。
重要的是学习这个英语节奏不需要你动脑子,不需要你费心,只要你多动动嘴多练练就行了,目的是让你把它练到你的潜意识(subconscious, your Unconscious Mind)里去,做到张口就来,说出来就地道(符合英语的语流习惯);至于用词是否地道,那就需要另外的功夫了。我们大家也知道,节奏和语调只是说好英语的一个方面(重要的方面),其他的,如词汇量,惯用法的掌握等等都是英语交流不可缺少的。但是,节奏的掌握很重要,所以,首先我们先一起练习英语节奏去。