罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)于1908年当选为英国皇家学会院士。
In May, Russell publishes “Mathematical Logic as Based on the Theory of Types,” written a year earlier. He is elected a fellow of the RoyalSociety. “Determinism and Morality,”written in May 1905, is published in October. It is later reprinted as thefourth section of “Elements of Ethics”in Philosophical Essays (1910).
In April, Russell publishes “Pragmatism,” an essay reviewing JohnDewey, William James, and F. C. S. Schiller. It is reprinted in 1910 in PhilosophicalEssays.
英国:罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)获得剑桥大学Trinity(三一学院)5年期聘任。
In February and May, Russell publishesthe first three sections of “Elements of Ethics.” In May, he also publishes “TheTheory of Logical Types.” He receives a five-yearlectureship at Trinity. Philosophical Essays appears in November. InDecember, with Whitehead, he publishes volume 1 of Principia Mathematica.He reviews Spinoza’s Ethics.
In March, Russell begins an intimaterelationship with Ottoline Morrell. In the same month, he publishes “Analytic Realism” and reads “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description” to the Aristotelian Society. It is published later in theyear. In October, he reads “On the Relations ofUniversals and Particulars” to the Aristotelian Societyand meets Ludwig Wittgenstein, who has come to study with him.
The Problems of Philosophy ispublished in January. In April, volume 2 of Principia Mathematica ispublished, as is “The Philosophy of Bergson.” Poincaré dies in July. In October,Russell is working on the paper “What Is Logic?” and in December on the nature of matter.
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1913
中国:
徐志摩(Hsü Chih-mo,1897—1931)
张幼仪(ChangYu-I, 1900--1988)[ZhangYouyi]
林徽因(1904--1955)[英文名:Phyllis Lin 或Lin Whei-yin]
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英国:罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)
Volume 3 of Principia Mathematicais published in April. In May, Russell begins work on Theory of Knowledgebut abandons it in June after considering Wittgenstein’s objections to it. InJuly, he publishes “On the Notion of Cause.” In September, Russell meets Norbert Wiener and reads hisdissertation. In the same month, he arranges for Wittgenstein’s dictation of “Notes on Logic.”
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1914
中国:
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美国和英国:罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)
Between March and May, Russell teachestwo classes at Harvard University, one on logic, the other on epistemology. Healso gives the Lowell lectures there, which are published in August as OurKnowledge of the External World. World War I begins. Russell throws himselfinto antiwar, pacifist work. In November, he delivers “OnScientific Method in Philosophy” as the Herbert Spencerlecture at Oxford University.
英国:罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)获得剑桥大学Trinity(三一学院)5年期聘任之续聘。
InJanuary, Russell publishes “The Ethics of War.” In February, he meets D.H. Lawrence. In May, he receives arenewal of his five-year lectureship at Trinity College. In July, he publishes “The Ultimate Constituents of Matter.”In November, he publishes Justice in War-Time, rejecting his earliermoral objectivism for moral subjectivism.
英国:罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)1916年6月因为反战言论被罚款110英镑,同年7月被剑桥大学Trinity(三一学院)解聘。
In April, Russell begins working forthe No-Conscription Fellowship. In June, he is fined £110for his antiwar speeches and writings. In July, he is dismissed from TrinityCollege for these antiwar efforts. Principles of Social Reconstructionis published in November.
Russell’s publications throughout the year mostly concern the war. From Octoberto December, he delivers lectures in London on mathematical logic, which helater publishes as Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919).
英国:罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970)1918年5月开始入狱,同年11月出狱。
In January, Cantor dies. From Januarytill March, Russell delivers eight lectures in London on logical atomism; thefirst two are published in the Monist in October. In February, he is sentencedto six months in Brixton prison for referring in print to American use ofpolice to break strikes. Russell enters prison in May. He begins to rejectdualism for neutral monism, writing much of what is to become The Analysisof Mind (1921) as well working on Introduction to MathematicalPhilosophy. He leaves prison in September.
InJanuary, April, and July, the remaining lectures on logical atomism arepublished in the Monist. In February, Russell writes “OnPropositions: What They Are and How They Mean.” FromMay to June, he delivers lectures on the analysis of mind. In November, AlbertEinstein’s general relativity theory is confirmed by experiment. For a week inDecember, Russell meets at The Hague with Wittgenstein, recently released as aprisoner of war. This is their first contact since 1914. In the same month,Trinity College awards Russell a new five-year lectureship, to commence in July1920.
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1920
美国:
随性、人性的青年徐志摩(23岁)放弃了美国纽约哥伦比亚大学攻读博士学位的机会。他仰慕英国的罗素(Bertrand Russell ,1872--1970),认为Bertrand Russell是20世纪的福禄泰尔[==伏尔泰(1694--1778),法国启蒙思想家,哲学家和作家]。1920年9月20日离开徐志摩美国,第一次前往英国,目的是要跟随Bertrand Russell学习啊。]徐志摩当时特别神往去剑桥大学,跟随罗素Bertrand Russel学习。可是,徐志摩到了英国之后,很扫兴,无缘跟随罗素学习。
Trinity College grants Russell aone-year leave of absence. From April through June, he travels through Russia,where he meets Emma Goldman and interviews Vladimir Lenin. In September, heleaves for China with Dora Black, arriving in October, the same month his essay“The Meaning of ‘Meaning’” ispublished in Mind. Russell resigns his Trinity lectureship at the end ofOctober. In November, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism ispublished.
Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (6 August 1862– 3 August 1932), known as Goldie,[1] was aBritish political scientist[2] andphilosopher. He led most of his life at Cambridge,where he wrote a dissertation on Neoplatonismbefore becoming a fellow. He was closely associated with the BloomsburyGroup.
Sawston is a large village in Cambridgeshirein England,situated on the River Cam seven miles (11 km) south of Cambridge.It has a population of 7,150 (Census 2001). It is officially listed asa village, despite fulfilling many of the criteria for town status such as aHigh Street with shops.
Stillin China in March (1921),Russell falls ill with pneumonia and is reported dead by the Japanese press. TheAnalysis of Mind is published in June. In August, Russell arrives back inEngland. In September, he divorces Alys and marries Dora, who gives birth tohis son John in November. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,with an introduction by Russell, is published in German in December.
In July (1922), Russell publishes a review of John Maynard Keynes’s Treatiseon Probability. In August, he publishes the essay “TheTheory of Relativity.” The Problem of China ispublished in September. In November, Russell runs unsuccessfully as the LaborParty candidate in Chelsea. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus is published inEnglish in December.
In March, Russell finishes TheProspects of Industrial Civilization, written with Dora. “Vagueness” is published in June. The ABC of Atoms appears inSeptember. In December, Dora gives birth to Russell’s daughter Katharine Jane.Throughout the year, Russell works on appendices and a new introduction to PrincipiaMathematica that incorporate ideas suggested by Frank Ramsey andWittgenstein.
Russellpublishes “Logical Atomism” inJanuary, Icarus, or the Future of Science in February, and a number ofpapers on mathematics and physics throughout the year. In February, hecompletes the new introduction to Principia Mathematica.
罗素(Bertrand Russell)在英国:In March, volume 1 of the secondedition of Principia Mathematica is published. What I Believeappears in the same month. Gottlob Frege dies in July. On Education,Especially in Early Childhood is two-thirds done by August. The ABC ofRelativity is published in October.
InJanuary, Russell publishes “Perception.” On Education comes out in February, “Psychology and Politics” in March, “Relativity and Religion” in May, areview of Ogden and Richard’s The Meaning of Meaning in August, and “Behaviorism and Values” in December.
英国和美国:罗素(Bertrand Russell)1927年pamphlet Why I Am Not aChristian《为什么我不是基督徒》
In April, the pamphletWhy I Am Not a Christian is published, followed by TheAnalysis of Matter in July and An Outline of Philosophy in November.After Analysis of Matter, Russell does not publish another book ofacademic philosophy until 1940. Russell and Dora open the Beacon Hill School inSeptember. Throughout October and November, Russelllectures in New York to raise money for the school.
From January to March, Russell lectures on the philosophy of physics; he alsoruns the Beacon Hill School. In February, he publishes “Mr.F. P. Ramsey and Logical Paradoxes.” At the same time,Dora is lecturing in the United States to raise money for the school. InSeptember, Sceptical Essays is published.
In February, Russell reviews ArthurEddington’s Nature of the Physical World. In June, Russell and Mooreexamine Wittgenstein for the PhD. In September, at the start of a new schoolyear at Beacon Hill, Russell begins a two-month series of lectures in New Yorkto raise money for the school. Marriage and Morals is published inOctober.
Frank Ramsey dies in January at age 26.Russell’s essay “Probability and Fact”is published in August. The Conquest of Happiness comes out in October.In December, Russell reviews James Jeans’s Mysterious Universe.
InMarch, Russell’s older brother, Frank, dies, and Russell becomes the third EarlRussell. In July, he begins a weekly syndicated newspaper column for the Hearstnewspaper chain. In September, he publishes The Scientific Outlook. InOctober, he reviews Ramsey’s Foundations of Mathematics. From Octoberthrough December, he is in New York raising money for the Beacon Hill School.