博文
(2024-04-19 17:26:30)
IntheU.S.,severalkeylegislationshaveaprofoundimpactongovernmentpricingofdrugs,especiallywithinpublichealthprogramslikeMedicareandMedicaid.Theselawsestablishtheframeworkfornegotiatingdrugprices,determiningreimbursementlevels,andensuringaccesstoaffordablemedicationsforbeneficiaries.Here’sanoverviewofsomecriticallegislationsandtheirroles:
1.MedicaidDrugRebateProgram(OmnibusBudgetReconciliati...[阅读全文]
(2024-04-18 18:57:57)
HereisabriefintroductionofhowdifferentpricesarecalculatedtomeettherequirementofGovernmentPrograms.
ForMedicaid,AverageManufacturerPriceiscalculatedatthe“smallestdispensableunit”monthly&quarterly.
MonthlyAMPiscalculatedbasedonbothcurrentmonthdataandhistoricaldata(12-month:currentmonthandpast11months).Duetothelaggedpriceconcessions(particularlychargebacksandrebates),historicald...[阅读全文]
(2024-04-09 12:11:33)
InChina,centralizeddrugpurchasinggreatlyaffectsdrugprices.TheU.S.governmenthasalsotakensomemeasurestolimitdrugprices.GovernmentpricingregulationsintheU.S.pharmaceuticalindustryaredesignedtoensurethatdrugsaresoldatfairprices,especiallytogovernmentprogramslikeMedicaid,Medicare,andtheVeteransHealthAdministration(VHA).Theseregulationsaimtoprotectconsumers,ensurethatgovernmentprogramshaveaccesstopharma...[阅读全文]
(2024-04-07 11:40:09)
Inthepharmaceuticalindustry,thecalculationofsalesrevenueismorecomplicatedthanotherindustries.Revenuerecognitionandgross-to-netadjustmentsarecriticalaccountingandfinancialreportingpracticesintheU.S.pharmaceuticalindustry,reflectingthecomplexnatureofdrugpricing,discounts,rebates,andotherallowances.Understandingthesepracticesisessentialforaccuratelycapturingacompany'sfinancialperformance.RevenueR...[阅读全文]
(2024-04-03 14:58:58)
本来这篇是要在以后写的，因为最近恰好做了一些相关的事情，所以提前写了。等写了国家和地区以及从事创新药的各相关经济主体之后，再重新排一下顺序，估计会是经济篇之六或者之七。 经济篇之一说过，创新药的研究和开发是一种(具有科学属性和工程属性的)经济活动。在推动生物医学研究（互相促进）和为人类健康的做出贡献的同时，从事创新药研发的经济主体（[阅读全文]
(2024-03-25 20:02:48)
这节简单说说卡特总统（和经济的关系不大，所以不应该算经济篇），不过因为药王曾经治愈了患癌症的卡特总统，就跟着放在第一节之后。 卡特已经99岁了，是美国活得最长的总统，也有望成为百岁寿星（修身的楷模啊）。 从医学上看，卡特有明显的癌症家族史。他的父亲和三个弟妹都在五六十岁的时候死于恶性度极高的胰腺癌。他的妈妈也得了乳腺癌。卡特在回忆录[阅读全文]
(2024-03-22 13:57:22)
在医药界的史册中，有几款药物因其创新性、疗效显著而且销售额巨大而被冠以“药王”的称号。它们改写了治疗某些疾病的历史，对整个医药行业产生了深远的影响。2023年发生了很多重大事件，其中一个就是药王这个宝座发生了新老更替，老药王修美乐退位，K药年销售额超过250亿美元，成为新晋药王。
Pembrolizumab(商品名Keytruda，简称K药或者派姆单抗)是一种人源化[阅读全文]
Pembrolizumab(商品名Keytruda，简称K药或者派姆单抗)是一种人源化[阅读全文]
(2024-03-20 18:57:17)
Afteratargetisselectedanddrugmodalityischosen,thedrugdiscoveryprocessaimstogenerateandcharacterizeatherapeuticcandidatemolecule,whoseefficacyandsafetywillbeinvestigatedinclinicaltrials.Forexample,ifantibodyisselectedasthedrugmodalityforareceptorproteinexpressedonthecellsurface,acandidateantibodywouldbegeneratedinaprocesscalledantibodydiscovery. Antibodydiscoveryfocusesonidentifyinganddeveloping...[阅读全文]
(2024-03-19 14:26:24)
TheTcellreceptor(TCR)isacomplexmoleculefoundonthesurfaceofTcells,whichplayacentralroleintheimmuneresponse.TCRsarecrucialforrecognizingantigenspresentedbyothercells,therebyinitiatingtheimmuneresponseagainstpathogensordiseasedcells.CD4andCD8areglycoproteinsexpressedonthesurfaceofTcellsandactasco-receptorsthatplaycriticalrolesintheimmunesystem.TheyassisttheTcellreceptor(TCR)inrecognizingantigensprese...[阅读全文]
(2024-03-18 14:27:58)
Inthepastdecade,checkpointinhibitors,suchasPD-1antibodyandPD-L1antibody,havemadeasignificantimpactoncancertreatment,markingashiftintheparadigmofhowcertaincancersareapproachedandmanaged.Thesedrugsarepartofaclassknownasimmunotherapy,whichworksbyharnessingthebody'simmunesystem(particularlyTcellsforPD-1antibodyandPD-L1antibodydrugs)tofightcancer. The2018NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinewasawarde...[阅读全文]
