直接引语与间接引语

直接引语是指原封不动的引述原话，把它放在引号里。间接引语是用自己的话来转述别人的话，没有引号。这两种引语都是复合句中的宾语从句，但由祈使句变来的间接引语除外。

1、直接引语变间接引语时，人称、时态、指示代词、时间和地点状语及某些动词要用相应的变化。其变化如下：

（1）、人称变化与汉语相同。如：

She said," I went to see Mr. Liu yesterday. 她说:“我昨天看过了刘老师”。

She said that she had gone to see Mr. Liu the day before. 她说她昨天看过刘老师了。

（2）、时态的变化列表如下：

直接引语

间接引语

一般过去时：  She said, "my mother took me to an exhibition yesterday." 她说，“我母亲昨天带我去看了展览。”	过去完成时：  She said that her mother had taken her to an exhibition the day before. 她说她妈妈前一天带她去看了展览。
过去完成时：  "Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?" her mother asked her. “你是做完作业才看电视的吗？”她的妈妈问她。	过去完成时：  Her mother asked her if (whether) she had finished her homework before she watched TV. 她的妈妈问她是不是完成了作业才看电视。

一般将来时：  "I will come to see you tonight," she said to him. 她跟他说，“我今晚去看你”。	过去将来时：  She told him that she would go to see him that night. 她跟他说，她当天晚上去看他。
现在（过去）完成进行时：  He said, "I have been coming to see you for ages." 他说，”我好久都一直想来看你。“ "What had she been eating?" the doctor asked. “她吃什么来着？” 医生问。	过去完成进行时：  He said that he had been coming to see me for ages. 他说他好久都一直想来看我。 The doctor asked what she had been eating. 医生问她吃什么来着。

但是，要注意以下的情况：

（A）、主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，间接引语的时态与原来直接引语的时态一样，不必改变。如：

She says, "I will have finished my homework by myself." 她说，“我一定要独立完成作业。”

She says that she will have finished her homework by herself.

The businessman will say, "I have paid for it." 那位商人肯定会说，“我已经付款了。”

The businessman will say that he has paid for it.

（B）、直接引语说的是科学真理、格言时，无论主句用何种时态，间接引语仍用一般时。如：

The geography teacher said, "the sun rises in the east and sets in the west." 地理老师说，“太阳从东边升起，在西边落下。”

The geography teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

（C）、直接引语带有表示纯属过去的时间状语时，间接引语仍然保持一般过去时，而不改为过去完成时。如：

The old man said, "I joined the Red Army in 1934." 那位老人说，“我1934年参加红军”。

The old man said that he joined the Red Army in 1934.

（3）、指示代词、时间和地点状语及方向性动词的变化如下：

	直接引语	间接引语
指示代词	this	that
	these	those

时间状语	now	then
	today	that day
	this morning (afternoon)	that morning (afternoon)
	tonight	that night
	yesterday	the day before
	last night	the night before
	the day before yesterday	two days before
	the day after tomorrow	in two days
	ago	before
	tomorrow	the next (following) day
	next week (year...)	the next week (year...)
地点状语	here	there

方向性动词	come	go
	bring	take

2、各类句子变为间接引语的要点：

（1）、直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语用that来引导。主句一般位于句首，其谓语动词通常是 say; tell; think; repeat; answer;

reply; explain 等。实际是主句含宾语从句，一律必须跟一个宾格代词或表示人的名词，再跟 that 从句。如：

"I am leaving for Beijing the day after tomorrow," he said to his son. 他对他的儿子说：“我后天要去北京了。”

He told his son that he was leaving for Beijing in two days.

（2）、直接引语是疑问句时，要先将主句的 said 或 told 改为 asked, 引语将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，句末用逗号。若直接引语是一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，要将问句改为 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句。若是选择疑问句时，须用 whether (不用 if)...or 引导宾语从句。凡是疑问句的直接引语均不可用 that 来引导。如：

"Are you from London?" the teacher said to me. （直接引语）

The teacher asked me whether (if) I am from London. (间接引语）

"Will you stay at school or go home this summer vacation, Xiao Chen?" said the teacher.“ 小陈，今年暑假你留校还是回家？”老师问。（直接引语）

The teacher asked Xiao Chen whether he would stay at school or went home that summer vacation. （间接引语）

（3）、直接引语是祈使句时，变成间接引语首先要将主句的谓语按原文口气改为 asked; told; advised; ordered; begged; commanded; warned, 然后将祈使句的谓语动词变为不定式，成为宾语补足语的结构。即：主语 + asked (advised...) + sb. +   (not)  to do sth.

"Copy down this sentence and keep it in mind, please."  said the old teacher.  “把它抄下来，并记住它。” 那位老师说。（直接引语）

The old teacher told us to copy down that sentence and keep it in mind. （间接引语）

"Do not do it again, boys."  said the old man. “别再做那种事，男孩子们。” 那个长辈说。

The old man advised the boys not to do that again. （间接引语）

有些表示 “提议、建议、要求、劝告” 等的祈使句，尤其是 Let 引导的祈使句，改为间接引语时可用 suggest, insist, offer 等动词或 “should + 动词原形加以转述。如：

"Let's have a cup of milk," said the young man. “我们喝杯牛奶吧。” 这位年轻人说。（直接引语）

The young man suggested having a cup of milk. （间接引语）

= The young man suggested that we should have a cup of milk.

"Stay here for dinner," my aunt said over and over. “在这吃饭吧。”我的姑妈反复地说。（直接引语）

My aunt insisted on my staying for dinner. = My aunt insisted that I should stay there for dinner. （间接引语）

（4）、直接引语是感叹句时，可用 what 和 how, 也可以用 that 引导。如：

"What a lovely day it is today." said the visitor. “今天天气多好啊！” 游客说。（直接引语）

The visitor said what a lovely day it was that day. = The visitor said that it was a lovely day that day. (间接引语）

 注：1、本文源自百度。
          2、有练习题正在成型中。稍后登出，供分享。