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乳房癌复发的危险因素取决于治疗的外科医生

(2011-01-03 15:32:57) 下一个

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or non-invasive breast cancer, is typically treated with either breast-conserving surgery—with or without follow-up radiation—or mastectomy. The treatment choice depends on clinical factors, the treating surgeon, and patient preferences. Long-term health outcomes (disease-free survival) depend on the treatments received. According to a study published January 3 in The Journal of the National Cancer Institute , however, health outcomes also are associated with the treating surgeon.

To determine the comparative effectiveness of treatment strategies, Andrew W. Dick, Ph.D., of the RAND Corporation and colleagues conducted a retrospective study of women diagnosed with DCIS between 1985 and 2000 with as many as 18 years of follow-up. They identified the women through two large tumor registries, the Monroe County (New York) tumor registry, and the tumor registry at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit.

The researchers collected extensive data on the patients, including the rate of ipsilateral recurrence, or recurrent breast cancer in the same breast; whether the women had been treated with mastectomy or breast conserving surgery—with or without radiation therapy; and their margin status (margin of tissue surrounding their resected tumors). They defined margins as positive (in which cancer cells extend to the edge of the resected tissue), negative (cancer cells are more than 2 millimeters away from the edge of the tissue), or close (in which cancer cells are present within two millimeters of the edge).

According to the researchers, the two most important determinants of recurrent breast cancer are the tumor margins and whether or not the women have received radiation therapy following breast-conserving surgery.

"BCS in the absence of radiation therapy resulted in substantially lower ipsilateral event-free survival than either BCS followed by radiation therapy or mastectomy," the authors write, adding, "Regardless of treatments, positive or close margins following the last surgical treatment substantially compromised ipsilateral event-free survival." Both of these important determinants of outcomes, however, varied markedly by the treating surgeon.

The authors write that the wide variability in treatment by surgeons may reflect differences in surgeons' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, especially given the lack of consensus on what constitutes a negative margin.

"Lack of knowledge about the importance of margins, and differences in beliefs about the role of radiation therapy in local control, together with differences in physician-patient communication during the decision-making process could explain the substantial variation in the acceptance of positive margins and the determination not to proceed to mastectomy," the authors write.

Nevertheless, they estimate that with modest reductions in variation by surgeon, based only on changes among those surgeons with low rates of radiation therapy and high rates of positive or close margins, ipsilateral 5- and 10-year event rates could be reduced by 15% to 30%.

In an accompanying editorial, Beth A. Virnig, Ph.D., and Todd M. Tuttle, M.D., of the University of Minnesota, write that the study poses a perplexing question. "How should women select a provider knowing that up to 35% of the variation in outcomes is based on their choice of physician but that there are no actionable characteristics that can be taken into account?"

They suggest one solution could be publishing the scores for all physicians performing breast cancer surgery in a particular area. In any case, the variability in surgeons' treatment choice provides a potential opportunity to improve or standardize DCIS care.

They write, "The challenge is then for the professional community to identify factors that are associated with the currently unexplained physician variability and to use that information to promote identification of high-quality providers or quality improvement activities."


Provided by Journal of the National Cancer Institute

JNCI:乳腺癌治疗效果因医生水平不同而有明显差异

美国《新闻周刊》报道,根据美国进行的一项新研究,乳腺癌的治疗效果会因外科医生的技术水平不同而存在明显差异。根据研究人员的估计,如果所有外科医生在实现阴性切缘和实施放疗方面的技术能够达到中等水平,患者5年内的癌症复发几率将降低22%。更令人感到吃惊的是,外科医生的重要性甚至有可能超过治疗本身。


想说找对医生很难

对于任何接受乳腺癌手术的女性来说,她们在恢复室里最希望听到的话就是“我们已经完全切除肿瘤”。换句话说,就是阴性切缘。所谓的阴性切缘是指被切除的组织边缘几毫米范围内没有任何癌细胞,能够降低乳腺癌复发的可能性,进而提高患者的存活几率。此外,在乳房肿瘤切除术或者其他保留乳房手术之后接受放疗同样能够提高无癌生存率。

然而,乳腺癌患者要想找到一位技术高超的外科医生为自己实施手术并非易事。正如《新闻周刊》在2009年的一篇报道中所指出的那样,乳腺癌患者在寻求理想治疗效果过程中面临的难度多年来就是一大丑闻。一项新研究发现,对于乳腺导管内癌患者来说,难于获得理想治疗效果构成的威胁超过任何人的想象,其中一大障碍就是专业医疗机构和医保部门拒绝公布相关信息。此外,外科医生的职业操守良莠不齐,有些人根本不考虑患者的经济承受能力,甚至存在道德问题。

阴性切缘+放疗=低复发风险

非侵袭性乳腺癌通常采用保留乳房手术或者乳房切除术治疗,患者在接受保留乳房手术之后可能接受放疗,也可能不接受这种治疗。根据《国家癌症研究所杂志》(JNCI)1月3日刊登的一篇论文,治疗效果同样取决于具体由哪位外科医生为患者实施手术。

根据美国兰德公司的安德鲁·迪克负责的一项分析,防止乳腺导管内癌患者在治疗后复发的两个最重要因素是阴性肿瘤切缘以及在乳房保留手术之后接受放疗。这两大因素究竟有多重要?据研究人员对994名乳腺导管内癌患者的医疗记录进行的分析,在乳房保留手术之后接受放疗的女性癌症复发几率大约在5%左右,而没有接受放疗的女性则高达14%。实现阴性切缘同时接受放疗的女性复发几率在3%左右,阳性切缘同时接受放疗的女性复发几率为15%左右,实现阴性切缘但未接受放疗的女性复发几率在13%左右,阳性切缘同时未接受放疗的女性复发几率则高达25%。

显而易见,手术后未接受放疗将提高乳腺癌复发风险,阳性切缘同样会产生这种不利影响。更令人感到吃惊的是,这两大决定治疗效果的因素也会因不同的外科医生而存在明显差异。差异到底有多大?根据研究人员的估计,如果所有外科医生在实现阴性切缘和实施放疗方面的技术能够达到中等水平,患者5年内的癌症复发几率将降低22%。

医生或比治疗更重要

研究人员在论文中指出:“治疗效果因外科医生技术不同而存在明显差异。外科医生的技术差异及其对长期治疗效果的影响是一个令人困扰的问题,这种无法解释的差异能够对治疗效果产生重要影响。”

对于患者而言,她们很难了解自己的医生如何实施治疗。在与论文一同发表的一篇社论中,明尼苏达州大学流行病学家贝丝·沃尼格和外科医生托德·塔特尔提出这样的疑问——如果得知外科医生可导致治疗效果的差异率高达35%,女性又该如何选择外科医生呢?这种选择绝非易事。沃尼格表示,患者无法获取相关信息,更令人感到吃惊的是,外科医生的重要性甚至有可能超过治疗本身。她说:“如果一名医生为患者实施乳房保留手术,另一名医生为患者实施乳房切除术,前者为患者带来的治疗效果可能优于后者,虽然在通常情况下接受乳房切除术的患者无癌生存率更高。”

信息公开仍需等待

沃尼格指出,一种帮助患者选择理想外科医生的方式就是将所有外科医生实施乳腺癌手术的数量对外公布。但对于任何人来说,整理出这些信息都是一项艰巨任务。美国医保部门拒绝公开任何与医生治疗特定疾病的病例数量以及所实施手术数量有关的信息。非盈利性机构Consumers’Checkbook曾试图让医保部门公布这些信息,但在2009年的法庭交锋中,这一要求最终遭到回绝。2010年,《新闻周刊》也曾试图说服美国临床肿瘤学协会为患者建立一个数据库,提供协会成员过去几年治疗特定癌症的病例数量,是否通过专业认证,拥有多长时间临床实践经验等信息。《新闻周刊》用了几个月时间与临床肿瘤学协会磋商,最后还是被拒之门外。

在这个问题上,《消费者报告》的出版方消费者联盟取得一项重大突破。消费者联盟的约翰·桑塔对《新闻周刊》表示,2010年,他们成功说服胸外科医师学会公布一些关键信息,其中包括30天死亡率,严重感染等并发症,实施手术数量以及患者是否接受适当药物治疗。为了说服胸外科医师学会公布这些信息,他们整整努力了两年之久。但在其950个成员组(这里的“组”代表一名或者几名外科医生)中,只有221个组同意公布他们的数据。

在政府或者医疗机构公布医生的相关信息前,患者仍将处于黑暗之中。对于癌症外科手术,当前最理想的数据库是由美国外科医生学院癌症委员会整理创建的一个数据库。进入这个数据库并选择“详细信息”,可以看到具体的城市、州或者邮编等信息,同时找到附近的癌症治疗机构以及他们每年通过外科手术治疗的不同类型和阶段的癌症病例数量。了解这些信息之后,患者至少不会让那些从未治疗过自己所患癌症的医生为其实施治疗。但这个数据库仍无法提供患者最希望获得的信息,即在选择外科医生治疗其所患癌症前需要了解的全部信息。


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