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拙文《 从台湾的“民主”看中国的未来 》引起一些读者的关注，同时也带来不少争议，有网友质疑“为什么要给台湾“民主”打引号呢？ 其实，我在原文里已经说明了：我为什么要给台湾这个“民主国家”打上引号？因为，真正的民主理念要超越狭隘的地区族裔观。台湾如果认识到民主的真谛，就要显示出民主的大度，不是你死我活的派别斗争，目前蓝绿两个阵营似乎不是在为同一个民主理念争论，而是敌我双方争夺一个地盘。 具体来说，在篮绿阵营之间，不是一个为共同民主理念奋斗的整体，而是你死我活的小团体，难怪有台湾媒体评论说，蓝绿是台湾帮派斗争的缩影。我注意到这样的新闻，前不久马英九和蔡英文出席一个活动，但“同场不同台”，主办方刻意安排两人保持一段距离，马蔡相视也形同陌路——这哪儿有一点民主的氛围和气度？ 我又提到，美国大选时唇枪舌剑，但最终失败的一方能甘愿为胜利一方“打工”，加拿大反对党领导人去世，执政党为其举行前所未有的隆重葬礼，我想如果马英九现在死了，绿营的领袖和追随者们或许会像老毛听到周恩来去世放鞭炮那样庆祝一番吧？ 这样的文化心理谈“民主”是否有点奢侈了？ 更重要的是，在国共之间，一个真正的民主政府，不应该视另一方为仇敌，60多年过去了，应该是“相逢一笑泯恩仇”的时候了，台湾应该有民主的气度来主动和大陆沟通，积极三通，打好民主牌，促使大陆朝民主自由的方向迈进。 可现实并不如此，台湾领导人，尤其绿营，还是严重的意识形态加上冷战思维，视大陆还是红色的共产主义，敬“鬼神”而远之。 不错，台湾有了民主所应具备的一切“硬件”，可是这些硬件过“硬”吗？看看新闻自由，言论自由，结党自由……，如果你关注台湾新闻不难发现诸如“政府花錢「買新聞」，台灣民主的大騙局，新聞廣告沒防線，三十萬買一個「專訪」”这样的消息。台湾眼下花钱买选票，贿选也不算新闻。当年国民党在大陆也搞过“民主”选举——选蒋家送一条毛巾，选宋家送一只茶杯……。 如果台湾有过硬的“自由”，我想看看在台湾能否发表出版赞扬共产党，支持统一的言论和书籍（也许有了，我孤陋寡闻），如果大陆商人去台湾开厂，能否在厂内设立共产党党支部，公开活动？台湾民众是否可以成立“共产党”？如果不能，这样的言论自由和结党自由也是要被打上引号甚至一个问号的。 当然，给台湾民主打上引号不意味着否定台湾在中国走向民主道路上作为先驱的历史地位，正像这位网友指出的那样：“一个二十多年前一党专制的独裁政权，二十几年成为世界公认的民主政体，你还嫌不够？” 如果单纯的纵向比较，台湾的确值得每一个中国人称赞。同理，一个30多年前一穷二白，任何商品都要凭票供应，一人独裁的政权，用了30年GDP名列世界前茅，神五神六加天宫，政权平稳过渡，集体领导，为什么好多人还嫌不够？ 每一个关心中华民族命运的人除了纵向看还要横向比较，横向看，我们（台湾和大陆）的差距还很大，寻找不足总比整天歌功颂德要好得多。 说到底，有很多争议是因为概念的定义差别造成的，这里有必要回过头来定义一下“民主”，尤其是“美式民主”。 很多人以为，美式民主是普世价值，任何人只要拿过来就万事大吉了。在我看来，美国的两党轮流执政的总统制只适合美国，从一定意义上看，美国的驴和象本质上没有多大的区别，美国人是不会允许共产党和驴象同台竞争的。这一点，加拿大作的好，新民主党（NDP）本质上是一个社会主义政党，它在议会里真正起到了一个反对党的制约作用，和其他诸多的在野党一起平衡了代表资本主义政党的许多极端做法。驴和象轮流做庄，都是自家人，如果有一个真正意义上的反对党，或许伊拉克阿富汗战争就打不起来。 驴象不也是一定意义上的“独裁”吗？美国人民真的当家作主了？看看这两天的花街吧。 其实，我们看问题都难免带有偏见，一旦内心喜欢了一个概念，heart有了偏差，mind也不能公正地思考了。尤其是自以为抱着一个高尚的理念，就忽视了根本的症结。 民主说到底，不但要有硬件，更重要的是软件。台湾麻雀虽小，五脏俱全，什么新闻自由，司法独立，军队国有样样俱全，但是具有五脏的麻雀并不都会飞翔。 民主的软件是灵魂和思想。民主首先要有平等还要有自由——这两点是海峡两岸的中国人都缺乏的，所以我说让大陆“修改宪法，取消党禁，让共产党、国民党、民进党在一个起跑线上竞争让全体中国人民选择”，有网友马上说“都换了？如果价值观不改变? 我不同意你的看法.”——其实这也是我一贯的看法，文化的深层结构（价值观）不变，只照搬一些硬件是无济于事的，但是，我们能不能从硬件开始？有了硬件才能慢慢装软件嘛！ 最后一点，我是一个呆板的人，比较认同定量的分析。 在英国权威的“Economist Intelligence Unit”公布的全球民主排行榜中（见附表），台湾民主列第36为，在“完全民主”、“不健全民主”、“杂交政体”和“独裁政权”四大类中属第二类。 毫无疑问，第一类的26国绝大多数都是当之无愧的民主国家，（加拿大名列第九，美国第17）而第二类的“不健全民主”，我认为绝大多数都有愧“民主”这个称号。不错，从第27名的佛德尔角到第79位的马里，都“还是位于世界200多国家的前列的，还是有民主可谈的”，但你问一下身处独裁专制的中国人，有几个愿意去这些国家移民的？ 这个排名如何得来的呢？其标准按60多项指标分五大类：选举程序和多党制，国民自由，政府功能，政治参与和政治文化。 我想，台湾失分的很可能是政府功能，政治参与和政治文化。这样一个“flawed”的政体说他是“世界公认的民主政体”有些一厢情愿了，而给它打一个引号，也算名副其实吧。 民主的建设不是一个简单的过程，如今，伊拉克、埃及、突尼斯、利比亚等都推翻了独裁，可它们能算是“民主”国家吗？我不但有引号，还有问号。 远的不说，看看被里根称赞为“亚洲民主灯塔”的菲律宾，人家也是样样硬件一个不差，可是菲律宾的现状如何？美式民主在那里已经成了“3G”——枪（gun）、帮派（gang）和金钱（gold）——这倒是“世界公认的”。 还是那个老生常谈，价值观是关键，在一个未经“去魅”的传统社会里，大部分成员仍然生活于传统的文化观念中，他们当然是使用传统的方法依靠传统价值观来解决所面临的问题。在这种情况下，即使最先进的民主制度也会出现“橘逾淮则枳”的后果。 20世纪以来，此类现象屡见不鲜，看看英国先进的政治制度到了印度后怎样？我同样要给印度的“民主”打引号的，印度根深蒂固的种族等级文化不消除，没有真正意义上的平等和自由，民主在印度也就是一个花瓶而已。 同样，在茉莉花开过的埃及，终将难以摆脱精英专制与伊斯兰原教旨专制的两极震荡。不错，突尼斯与埃及的革命，根源是专制制度的腐败，但我们不能不看到，这种制度能够在这一地区长期普遍实行，自有一定的“合理性”，虽然其本质是少数精英对多数大众的非理性统治。而当这种“合理性”遭到挑战，取而代之的仅仅是伊斯兰原教旨主义的复兴。和中国历史上一轮轮农民起义相似，在阿拉伯的历史上，这茉莉花不过是又一轮的折腾而已。 这个话题又是一个潘多拉的盒子，我们有空再打开吧。 最后，再次为台湾开启中华民族迈向民主之路的先河表示衷心的祝贺，同时祝愿海峡两岸的中国人携手并进，一起迈向光明。
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附表：2010年世界民主排行榜：
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| 1 |  Norway | 9.80 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 2 |  Iceland | 9.65 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 3 |  Denmark | 9.52 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 4 |  Sweden | 9.50 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 5 |  New Zealand | 9.26 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 6 |  Australia | 9.22 | Full democracy | Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 7 |  Finland | 9.19 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 8 |  Switzerland | 9.09 | Full democracy | Federalism, directorial system, bicameralism | | 9 |  Canada | 9.08 | Full democracy | Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism, semi-direct democracy | | 10 |  Netherlands | 8.99 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 11 |  Luxembourg | 8.88 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 12 |  Ireland | 8.79 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 13 |  Austria | 8.49 | Full democracy | Federalism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 14 |  Germany | 8.38 | Full democracy | Federalism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 15 |  Malta | 8.28 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 16 |  Czech Republic | 8.19 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 17 |  United States | 8.18 | Full democracy | Federalism, constitutional republic, presidential system, bicameralism | | 19 |  Spain | 8.16 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 19 |  United Kingdom | 8.16 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 20 | Korea, South !  South Korea | 8.11 | Full democracy | Presidential system, unicameralism | | 21 |  Uruguay | 8.10 | Full democracy | Presidential system, bicameralism | | 22 |  Japan | 8.08 | Full democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 23 |  Belgium | 8.05 | Full democracy | Federalism, constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 24 |  Mauritius | 8.04 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy | | 24 |  Costa Rica | 8.04 | Full democracy | Presidential system | | 26 |  Portugal | 8.02 | Full democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy | | 27 |  Cape Verde | 7.94 | Flawed democracy | Unitary parliamentary republic | | 28 |  Greece | 7.92 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy | | 29 |  Italy | 7.83 | Flawed democracy | Bicameralism, parliamentary republic and parliamentary democracy | | 30 |  South Africa | 7.79 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional democracy, bicameralism | | 31 |  France | 7.77 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system, bicameralism | | 32 |  Slovenia | 7.69 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional democracy, incomplete bicameralism | | 33 |  Estonia | 7.68 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, unicameralism | | 34 |  Chile | 7.67 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, bicameralism | | 35 |  Botswana | 7.63 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, unicameralism | | 36 | Taiwan (Republic of China) !  Republic of China (Taiwan) | 7.52 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system | | 37 |  Israel | 7.48 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 38 |  Slovakia | 7.35 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, unicameralism | | 39 |  Cyprus | 7.29 | Flawed democracy | Presidential republic, unicameralism | | 40 |  India | 7.28 | Flawed democracy | Federalism, constitutional republic, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 41 |  Lithuania | 7.24 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential republic, unicameralism | | 42 |  Timor-Leste | 7.22 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic | | 43 |  Hungary | 7.21 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, unicameralism | | 43 |  Jamaica | 7.21 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, unicameralism | | 45 |  Trinidad and Tobago | 7.16 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic | | 46 |  Panama | 7.15 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional democracy | | 47 |  Brazil | 7.12 | Flawed democracy | Federalism, presidential system, bicameralism | | 48 |  Poland | 7.05 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, bicameralism | | 48 |  Latvia | 7.05 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, unicameralism | | 50 |  Mexico | 6.93 | Flawed democracy | Federalism, presidential system, republic | | 51 |  Argentina | 6.84 | Flawed democracy | Federalism, presidential system, bicameralism | | 51 |  Bulgaria | 6.84 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary democracy | | 53 |  Croatia | 6.81 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic, unicameralism | | 54 |  Suriname | 6.65 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional democracy | | 55 |  Sri Lanka | 6.64 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system, democratic socialist republic | | 56 |  Romania | 6.60 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system, bicameralism | | 57 |  Colombia | 6.55 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, republic | | 57 |  Thailand | 6.55 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, bicameralism | | 59 |  Papua New Guinea | 6.54 | Flawed democracy | Federalism, constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy | | 60 |  Indonesia | 6.53 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, republic | | 61 |  El Salvador | 6.47 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, republic | | 62 |  Paraguay | 6.40 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional republic, presidential system | | 62 |  Peru | 6.40 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, republic, unicameralism | | 64 |  Mongolia | 6.36 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 65 |  Serbia | 6.33 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic | | 65 |  Moldova | 6.33 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic | | 67 |  Ukraine | 6.30 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 68 |  Montenegro | 6.27 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic | | 69 |  Namibia | 6.23 | Flawed democracy | Republic | | 70 |  Dominican Republic | 6.20 | Flawed democracy | Democratic republic, representative democracy | | 71 |  Malaysia | 6.19 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy | | 72 |  Benin | 6.17 | Flawed democracy | Republic | | 73 |  Macedonia | 6.16 | Flawed democracy | Parliamentary republic | | 74 |  Philippines | 6.12 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, constitutional republic, bicameralism | | 75 |  Guyana | 6.05 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 75 |  Guatemala | 6.05 | Flawed democracy | Presidential republic | | 77 |  Lesotho | 6.02 | Flawed democracy | Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary system | | 77 |  Ghana | 6.02 | Flawed democracy | Presidential system, constitutional republic | | 79 |  Mali | 6.01 | Flawed democracy | Semi-presidential system | | 80 |  Hong Kong | 5.92 | Hybrid regime | Quasi-presidential Autonomous region with limited suffrage, unicameralism | | 80 |  Bolivia | 5.92 | Hybrid regime | Presidential republic, unitary state | | 82 |  Singapore | 5.89 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 83 |  Bangladesh | 5.87 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic, unitary state | | 84 |  Albania | 5.86 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 85 |  Malawi | 5.84 | Hybrid regime | Republic | | 86 |  Lebanon | 5.82 | Hybrid regime | Confessionalist parliamentary republic | | 87 |  Ecuador | 5.77 | Hybrid regime | Presidential system | | 88 |  Honduras | 5.76 | Hybrid regime | Constitutional republic | | 89 |  Turkey | 5.73 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 89 |  Nicaragua | 5.73 | Hybrid regime | Presidential republic | | 91 |  Zambia | 5.68 | Hybrid regime | Republic | | 92 |  Tanzania | 5.64 | Hybrid regime | Republic | | 93 |  Palestine | 5.44 | Hybrid regime | Semi-presidential system, parliamentary democracy | | 94 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5.32 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 95 |  Senegal | 5.27 | Hybrid regime | Semi-presidential system | | 96 |  Venezuela | 5.18 | Hybrid regime | Federalism, presidential system | | 97 |  Liberia | 5.07 | Hybrid regime | Presidential Republic | | 98 |  Uganda | 5.05 | Hybrid regime | Presidential system, republic | | 99 |  Mozambique | 4.90 | Hybrid regime | Presidential system | | 100 |  Cambodia | 4.87 | Hybrid regime | Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy | | 101 |  Kenya | 4.71 | Hybrid regime | Presidential system | | 102 |  Bhutan | 4.68 | Hybrid regime | Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy | | 103 |  Georgia | 4.59 | Hybrid regime | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 104 |  Pakistan | 4.55 | Hybrid regime | Islamic republic, federalism, parliamentary republic | | 105 |  Sierra Leone | 4.51 | Hybrid regime | Constitutional republic | | 106 |  Kyrgyzstan | 4.31 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 107 |  Russia | 4.26 | Hybrid regime | Federalism, semi-presidential system, bicameralism | | 108 |  Nepal | 4.24 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 109 |  Armenia | 4.09 | Hybrid regime | Presidential republic | | 110 |  Burundi | 4.01 | Hybrid regime | Republic | | 111 |  Haiti | 4.00 | Hybrid regime | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 111 |  Iraq | 4.00 | Hybrid regime | Parliamentary republic | | 113 |  Madagascar | 3.94 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system | | 114 |  Kuwait | 3.88 | Authoritarian regime | Constitutional monarchy | | 115 |  Mauritania | 3.86 | Authoritarian regime | Islamic republic | | 116 |  Morocco | 3.79 | Authoritarian regime | Constitutional monarchy | | 117 |  Jordan | 3.74 | Authoritarian regime | Constitutional monarchy | | 118 |  Ethiopia | 3.68 | Authoritarian regime | Federalism, parliamentary republic | | 119 |  Fiji | 3.62 | Authoritarian regime | Military Junta | | 120 |  Burkina Faso | 3.59 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 121 |  Cuba | 3.52 | Authoritarian regime | Socialist republic, single-party communist state | | 122 |  Bahrain | 3.49 | Authoritarian regime | Absolute monarchy | | 123 |  Nigeria | 3.47 | Authoritarian regime | Federalism, presidential system | | 124 |  Togo | 3.45 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 125 |  Algeria | 3.44 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 126 |  Cameroon | 3.41 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 126 |  Comoros | 3.41 | Authoritarian regime | Federal Republic | | 128 |  Niger | 3.38 | Authoritarian regime | Military Junta | | 128 | Gambia, The !  The Gambia | 3.38 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 130 |  Belarus | 3.34 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system | | 131 |  Angola | 3.32 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system | | 132 |  Kazakhstan | 3.30 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system | | 133 |  Gabon | 3.29 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 134 |  Rwanda | 3.25 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 135 |  Azerbaijan | 3.15 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system | | 136 | China, People's Republic of !  People's Republic of China | 3.14 | Authoritarian regime | People's democratic dictatorship, single-party communist state | | 137 |  Qatar | 3.09 | Authoritarian regime | Constitutional monarchy | | 138 |  Egypt | 3.07 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential system, Republic | | 139 |  Côte d'Ivoire | 3.02 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 140 |  Vietnam | 2.94 | Authoritarian regime | Socialist republic, single-party communist state | | 141 |  Swaziland | 2.90 | Authoritarian regime | Absolute monarchy | | 142 | Congo, Republic of the !  Republic of the Congo | 2.89 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 143 |  Oman | 2.86 | Authoritarian regime | Islamic absolute monarchy | | 144 |  Guinea | 2.79 | Authoritarian regime | Military junta | | 144 |  Tunisia | 2.79 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 146 |  Zimbabwe | 2.64 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential, parliamentary, consociationalist republic | | 146 |  Yemen | 2.64 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 148 |  United Arab Emirates | 2.52 | Authoritarian regime | Federalism, constitutional monarchy | | 149 |  Tajikistan | 2.51 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system | | 150 |  Afghanistan | 2.48 | Authoritarian regime | Islamic republic | | 151 |  Sudan | 2.42 | Authoritarian regime | Federalism, presidential system, republic | | 152 |  Eritrea | 2.31 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential republic | | 152 |  Syria | 2.31 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential system, single party, republic | | 154 |  Djibouti | 2.20 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential republic | | 155 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the !  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2.15 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential republic | | 156 |  Laos | 2.10 | Authoritarian regime | Socialist republic, single-party communist state | | 157 |  Guinea-Bissau | 1.99 | Authoritarian regime | Semi-presidential system, republic | | 158 |  Libya | 1.94 | Authoritarian regime | Until 2011 Jamahiriya ("State of the masses") | | 158 |  Iran | 1.94 | Authoritarian regime | Islamic republic | | 160 |  Equatorial Guinea | 1.84 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential republic | | 160 |  Saudi Arabia | 1.84 | Authoritarian regime | Islamic absolute monarchy | | 162 |  Central African Republic | 1.82 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 163 |  Myanmar (Burma) | 1.77 | Authoritarian regime | Military junta (de facto military dictatorship) | | 164 |  Uzbekistan | 1.74 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential republic | | 165 |  Turkmenistan | 1.72 | Authoritarian regime | Presidential republic, single-party state | | 166 |  Chad | 1.52 | Authoritarian regime | Republic | | 167 | Korea, North !  North Korea | 1.08 | Authoritarian regime | Socialist republic, single-party communist state, Juche regime, police state |
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